Optical microscope: nws ua haujlwm li cas thiab tsim nws li cas
Optical Microscope (Optical Microscope, abbreviated OM) yog kev siv cov ntsiab lus kho qhov muag, tib neeg lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom me me magnified imaging, rau tib neeg kom rho tawm cov microstructure ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag.
Thaum ntxov li thawj xyoo pua BC, tib neeg tau pom tias los ntawm cov khoom siv pob tshab pob tshab los soj ntsuam cov khoom me me, tuaj yeem ua rau nws nthuav dav. Tom qab ntawd, maj mam ntawm cov iav kheej kheej tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom nthuav dav duab ntawm txoj cai kev nkag siab. Xyoo 1590, Netherlands thiab Ltalis cov neeg tsom iav tsom iav tau tsim cov cuab yeej tsom iav zoo sib xws. 1610 nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Ltalis Galileo thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees Kepler nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub tsom iav raj tib lub sij hawm, hloov qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub hom phiaj lens thiab eyepiece, tuaj nrog ib tug tsim nyog qauv ntawm lub kho qhov muag circuits ntawm lub microscope, kho qhov muag craftsmen. koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom, kev txhawb nqa thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, thiab lub tshuab tsom. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws ua haujlwm kho qhov muag tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom, kev txhawb nqa thiab txhim kho microscopes.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Robert Hooke ntawm England thiab Levenhuk ntawm Holland ua tau zoo heev pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub microscope, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm 1665, Hooke ntxiv cov ntxhib-action thiab micro-action tsom mechanism, lub illumination system, thiab lub rooj. rau nqa cov qauv txiav mus rau lub microscope. Cov Cheebtsam no tau txhim kho tas li thiab dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav niaj hnub.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1673 thiab 1677, Levin Hooke tau ua lub tshuab tsom iav loj nrog ib lub iav tsom iav, cuaj qhov uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Hooker thiab Levine-Hooker siv lub tshuab ntsuas hauv tsev, hauv cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag kab mob microstructure ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua tau zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov tsos ntawm high-zoo achromatic immersion lub hom phiaj, thiaj li hais tias lub microscope los soj ntsuam lub peev xwm ntawm microstructures zoo heev. 1827 Amici thawj zaug siv lub hom phiaj immersion. Xyoo 1870s, German Abbey tau tso lub hauv paus theoretical classical ntawm cov duab ntawm lub tshuab tsom. Cov no tau pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tsim lub tshuab tsom iav thiab cov txheej txheem soj ntsuam microscopic, thiab muab cov kws tshawb fawb txog biologist thiab kws kho mob, suav nrog Koch thiab Pasteur, nrog rau cov cuab yeej muaj zog rau kev tshawb pom cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Thaum cov qauv ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav nws tus kheej tab tom txhim kho, cov tswv yim tsom iav tsom iav kuj tau tsim kho tshiab: polarized light microscopy tshwm nyob rau xyoo 1850; interferometric microscopy tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1893; thiab nyob rau hauv 1935, Dutch physicist Zelnick tsim theem sib piv microscopy, uas nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics hauv 1953.
Classical optical microscope tsuas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab qhov tseeb, uas siv tib neeg lub qhov muag ua tus txais los saib xyuas cov duab loj. Tom qab ntawd, cov cuab yeej yees duab tau ntxiv rau lub tshuab tsom, thiab cov duab thaij duab tau siv los ua tus txais los sau thiab khaws cov duab. Niaj hnub nimno thiab feem ntau siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photoelectric, cov raj hauv TV thiab cov nqi sib txuas ua tus txais ntawm lub tshuab tsom, nrog lub tshuab computer ua kom tiav cov duab cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thiab ua tiav.
Nto rau qhov nkhaus ntawm cov iav los yog lwm cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab uas ua los ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom ua kom pom cov duab, optical microscope yog siv txoj cai no los nthuav cov khoom me me rau tib neeg lub qhov muag kom pom qhov loj. Niaj hnub nimno optical microscopes feem ntau siv ob theem ntawm magnification, ua tiav los ntawm lub hom phiaj lens thiab eyepiece. Cov khoom yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub hom phiaj lens, thawj theem ntawm magnification los ntawm lub hom phiaj lens mus rau hauv ib tug inverted khoom duab, thiab tom qab ntawd cov duab khoom no los ntawm eyepiece rau lub thib ob theem ntawm magnification, mus rau hauv ib qho kev xav, tib neeg qhov muag pom yog cov duab xav. Tag nrho cov magnification ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub hom phiaj lens thiab qhov loj ntawm lub qhov muag. Lub magnification yog qhov piv ntawm qhov magnification ntawm linear qhov ntev, tsis yog thaj tsam piv.
