Taw qhia txog kev faib tawm thiab siv ntau yam khoom siv kho qhov muag
Muaj ntau txoj kev faib cov tshuab kho qhov muag: raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov eyepieces siv, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua binocular thiab monocular microscopes; Raws li seb daim duab puas muaj cov nyhuv tso suab, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub tso suab microscopes thiab tsis-stereo microscopes; Raws li cov khoom soj ntsuam, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab mob lom neeg thiab cov kab mob kub. microscope. Phase microscope, thiab lwm yam; raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus kho qhov muag, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua polarized lub teeb microscope, theem sib piv microscope thiab sib txawv cuam tshuam microscope, thiab lwm yam.; Raws li hom teeb pom kev zoo, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub teeb zoo tib yam, fluorescence, ultraviolet lub teeb, lub teeb infrared thiab laser microscope, thiab lwm yam; Raws li hom receiver, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua Lub Zeem Muag, digital (lub koob yees duab) microscopes, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau siv cov tshuab microscopes xws li binocular stereo microscope, metallographic microscope, polarized light microscope, fluorescence microscope, thiab lwm yam.
1. Binocular Stereo Microscope
Binocular stereo microscope, tseem hu ua "khoom microscope" los yog "tso daim iav", yog ib qho cuab yeej pom kev zoo nrog lub siab zoo stereoscopic. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hlais thiab microsurgery nyob rau hauv biomedical teb; hauv kev lag luam, nws yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam, sib dhos thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom me me thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
(1) Siv ob-channel optical txoj kev, sab laug thiab txoj kab teeb nyob rau hauv lub binocular raj tsis yog tib yam, tab sis muaj ib tug tej lub kaum sab xis - lub ntim saib lub kaum sab xis (feem ntau 12 degrees -15 degrees), uas yog, lub sab laug thiab sab xis kab teeb. Ob lub qhov muag muab cov duab peb sab. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub raj ib lub raj microscopes tso rau ntawm ib sab. Lub kaum sab xis pom tsim los ntawm qhov muag pom ntawm ob lub lens chim yog sib npaug rau lub kaum sab xis pom thaum tus neeg pom ib qho khoom nrog ob lub qhov muag, yog li tsim cov duab peb sab hauv qhov chaw peb sab.
(2) Cov duab yog ncaj, yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam thiab dissect, vim hais tias lub prism nyob rau hauv lub eyepiece ua rau cov duab upside down.
(3) Txawm hais tias qhov kev nthuav dav tsis zoo li ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav ib txwm muaj, nws muaj qhov ua haujlwm ntev.
(4) Lub focal qhov tob yog qhov loj, uas yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom kuaj.
(5) Txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov chaw saib yog loj.
Cov qauv kho qhov muag ntawm lub stereoscope tam sim no yog: los ntawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub lens, ob lub teeb ntawm lub teeb tom qab kev pom cov khoom raug cais los ntawm ob pawg ntawm lub hom phiaj nruab nrab lub hom phiaj lo ntsiab muag-zoom lo ntsiab muag los ua ib qho kev pom tag nrho thiab tom qab ntawd ua duab los ntawm cov eyepieces. , los ntawm kev hloov qhov nruab nrab Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov iav pawg kom tau txais qhov kev hloov ntawm nws qhov magnification, yog li nws kuj hu ua "Zoom-stereomicroscope". Raws li daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tau, lub stereoscope tam sim no yuav nruab nrog ib tug nplua nuj ntawm kev xaiv accessories, xws li fluorescence, photography, videography, txias qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam.
2. Metallographic microscope
Lub tshuab kuaj kab mob metallographic yog lub tshuab kuaj kab mob tshwj xeeb uas siv los soj ntsuam cov qauv metallographic ntawm cov khoom opaque xws li hlau thiab pob zeb. Cov khoom opaque no tsis tuaj yeem pom nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo tib yam, yog li qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm metallography thiab microscopes zoo tib yam yog qhov qub siv lub teeb pom kev zoo, thaum yav tas los siv lub teeb xa mus rau illumination. Nyob rau hauv metallographic microscope, lub teeb pom kev zoo yog tawm los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub hom phiaj lens mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom pom, cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau lub hom phiaj lens rau kev yees duab. Txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo no kuj tau siv dav hauv kev tshuaj xyuas kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm silicon wafers.
3. Polarizing microscope
Polarizing microscopes yog cov khoom siv microscopes siv los kawm thiaj li hu ua pob tshab thiab opaque anisotropic cov ntaub ntawv. Txhua yam khoom uas muaj birefringence tuaj yeem pom meej meej nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas polarizing. Tau kawg, cov tshuaj no kuj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm staining, tab sis qee qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua tau thiab polarizing microscopes yuav tsum tau siv.
(1) Cov yam ntxwv ntawm polarizing microscopes
Ib txoj hauv kev tig lub teeb zoo tib yam rau hauv lub teeb polarized rau kev tsom xam los txheeb xyuas seb cov khoom puas yog monorefringent (hauv txhua qhov kev qhia) lossis birefringent (anisotropic). Birefringence yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov muaju. Yog li ntawd, polarized lub teeb microscopes tau siv dav hauv cov zaub mov, chemistry thiab lwm yam, thiab tseem muaj kev siv hauv biology, botany thiab lwm yam.
(2) Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm polarized light microscope
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm polarized lub teeb microscopy yog qhov nyuaj dua, yog li kuv yuav tsis qhia nws ntau dhau ntawm no. Polarizing microscope yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv hauv qab no: polarizer, analyzer, compensator los yog theem phaj, tshwj xeeb tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab lub hom phiaj lens, rotating theem.
(3) Polarizing microscope txoj kev
Ib yam ntawm. Orthoscope: Kuj tseem hu ua lub tshuab tsom iav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv lub hom phiaj qis qis dua li Bertrand lens los kawm cov ntsiab lus. Kev kawm ncaj qha nrog lub teeb polarized. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau ua kom lub teeb pom kev aperture me dua, lub lens sab saud ntawm lub condenser raug thawb sib nrug. Lub microscope theem ib txwm siv los tshuaj xyuas qhov birefringence ntawm ib qho khoom.
b. Conoscope: Kuj tseem hu ua interference microscope, nws kawm txog kev cuam tshuam cov qauv tsim thaum lub teeb polarized cuam tshuam. Txoj kev no yog siv los soj ntsuam uniaxiality lossis biaxiality ntawm ib qho khoom. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ib tug converging polarized beam ntawm lub teeb yog siv rau illumination.
(4) Yuav tsum muaj rau polarizing microscopes
Ib yam ntawm. Lub teeb ci: Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv lub teeb monochromatic, vim tias qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb, refractive index, thiab cuam tshuam phenomena sib txawv nrog wavelengths. General microscopes tuaj yeem siv lub teeb pom kev zoo.
b. Eyepieces: Eyepieces nrog crosshairs.
C. Condenser: Yuav kom tau txais lub teeb sib luag polarized, yuav tsum siv lub viav vias tawm condenser uas tuaj yeem thawb tawm lub lens sab saud.
d. Bertrand lens: ib qho chaw pabcuam hauv txoj hauv kev kho qhov muag ntawm lub condenser, uas yog lub lens auxiliary uas ua kom cov theem pib tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom mus rau theem nrab. Nws guarantees kev soj ntsuam nrog lub eyepiece ntawm ib tug planar cuam tshuam qauv tsim nyob rau hauv lub rear focal dav hlau ntawm lub hom phiaj.
(5) Yuav tsum muaj rau polarizing microscopes
Ib yam ntawm. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm theem yog coaxial nrog optical axis.
b. Lub polarizer thiab analyzer yuav tsum nyob rau hauv quadrature txoj hauj lwm.
C. Kev tua yuav tsum tsis txhob nyias dhau.
4. Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy siv lub teeb luv wavelength los irradiate ib yam khoom fluorescein-stained kom excite thiab ua kom ntev-wavelength fluorescence, thiab ces saib. Fluorescence microscopy yog dav siv hauv biology, tshuaj thiab lwm yam haujlwm.
(1) Fluorescence microscopes feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom: hom kis tau tus mob thiab hom epi-illumination.
Ib yam ntawm. Hom kis tau tus mob: Lub teeb excitation yog tawm los ntawm qhov chaw hauv qab ntawm cov khoom kuaj xyuas, thiab lub condenser yog qhov tsaus nti condenser, kom lub teeb pom kev zoo tsis nkag mus rau lub hom phiaj lens, thiab cov fluorescence nkag mus rau lub hom phiaj lens. Nws yog qhov kaj ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov pom tseeb thiab qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm qhov loj loj. Roj immersion thiab neutralization kev khiav hauj lwm yog ib qho nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tsawg magnification illumination ntau yam yog ib qho nyuaj rau txiav txim, tab sis heev tsaus nti keeb kwm yav dhau yuav tau. Hom transmissive tsis yog siv rau opaque tshuaj xyuas cov khoom.
Hom kis tau tus mob tam sim no yuav luag tshem tawm. Feem ntau cov fluorescence microscopes tshiab yog epitaxial. Lub teeb qhov chaw los ntawm saum toj no cov khoom kuaj, thiab muaj ib tug beam splitter nyob rau hauv txoj kev kho qhov muag, uas yog haum rau pob tshab thiab opaque test khoom. Txij li thaum lub hom phiaj lens ua raws li lub condenser, nws tsis yog tsuas yog yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo illumination ntawm tag nrho cov teb ntawm saib los ntawm tsawg magnification mus rau high magnification.
(2) Kev ceev faj rau fluorescence microscopy
Ib yam ntawm. Lub sij hawm ntev raug rau lub teeb excitation yuav ua rau fluorescence lwj thiab quenching, yog li lub sij hawm soj ntsuam yuav tsum luv kom ntau li ntau tau. .
b. Rau kev pom roj, siv "cov roj tsis muaj fluorescent".
C. Fluorescence yuav luag tsis muaj zog thiab yuav tsum tau ua hauv chav tsaus.
d. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau nruab qhov hluav taws xob stabilizer hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txwv tsis pub lub zog tsis ruaj khov yuav tsis tsuas yog txo lub neej ntawm lub teeb mercury, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau cov nyhuv ntawm lub tshuab tsom.
Tam sim no, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb txog roj ntsha uas tshwm sim tau siv rau cov txheej txheem fluorescence microscopy, xws li gene in situ hybridization (FISH).
5. Phase contrast microscope
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm optical microscope, kev vam meej invention ntawm theem contrast microscope yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua tau zoo ntawm niaj hnub microscope technology. Peb paub tias tib neeg lub qhov muag tsuas yog paub qhov txawv ntawm lub wavelength (xim) thiab amplitude (brightness) ntawm lub teeb tsis. Rau cov qauv tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab, thaum lub teeb hla dhau, lub wavelength thiab amplitude tsis hloov ntau, yog li nws tsis yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam cov qauv hauv qhov kaj. .
Phase contrast microscope yog siv txoj kev kho qhov muag qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom soj ntsuam los ua qhov kev tshawb pom microscopic, uas yog, siv tau zoo cuam tshuam tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb los hloov cov theem sib txawv uas tsis tuaj yeem txawv ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, txawm. yog tias nws tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab. Teeb meem kuj tuaj yeem pom meej. Qhov no ua kom yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov hlwb nyob, yog li theem sib piv microscopy yog dav siv rau inverted microscopes.
Lub sij hawm sib piv lub tshuab ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb ci hauv cov khoom siv thiab muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau ua:
a. Nruab nyob rau hauv lub condenser thiab ua ke nrog lub condenser - theem contrast condenser. Nws muaj cov diaphragms ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov disc, nrog cov lus 10X, 20X, 40X, 100X, thiab lwm yam nyob rau sab nraud, uas yog siv los ua ke nrog lub hom phiaj lo ntsiab muag nrog ntau qhov sib npaug.
b.Phaseplate: Nruab rau sab nraum qab focal dav hlau ntawm lub hom phiaj lens, nws muab faib ua ob ntu, ib qho yog ib feem ntawm lub teeb ncaj qha hla, uas yog lub nplhaib translucent hu ua lub dav hlau conjugate; lwm qhov yog qhov uas lub teeb diffused "compensates". Lub hom phiaj nrog cov phaj phaj hu ua "phase contrast objectives", thiab lo lus "Ph" feem ntau sau rau ntawm lub casing.
Phase contrast microscopy yog ib txoj kev siv microscopy uas nyuaj heev. Txhawm rau kom tau txais kev soj ntsuam zoo, kev debugging ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hauv qab no kuj yuav tsum tau sau tseg:
Ib yam ntawm. Lub teeb ci yuav tsum muaj zog thiab tag nrho cov aperture diaphragms yuav tsum qhib;
b. Siv cov ntxaij lim dej xim los ua lub teeb tsis muaj ze li monochromatic.
6. Sib txawv Interference Contrast Microscopy (Diffe Rent Interference Contrast DIC)
Qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv microscopy tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1960. Nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog saib cov khoom tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab, tab sis kuj tseem nthuav tawm cov duab stereoscopic muaj zog, thiab muaj qee qhov zoo uas theem sib piv microscopy tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. , kev soj ntsuam cov nyhuv yog qhov tseeb dua.
(1) Cov ntsiab lus
Qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov microscopy siv tshwj xeeb Wollaston prisms los rhuav tshem cov nqaj. Cov lus qhia kev vibration ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib cais yog perpendicular rau ib leeg thiab kev siv zog sib npaug. Ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqaj hla ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam yog nyob ze rau ib leeg, thiab cov theem sib txawv me ntsis. Txij li thaum qhov kev sib cais ntawm ob kab teeb ntawm lub teeb yog me me, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim, uas ua rau cov duab zoo li peb-dimensional.
(2) Cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tshuab tsom:
a. Polarizer
b. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas
C. 2 Wollaston prisms
(3) Kev ceev faj nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov sib piv microscopy
Ib yam ntawm. Vim tias qhov siab ntawm qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam, yuav tsum tsis muaj av thiab plua plav ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub phaj.
b. Cov tshuaj nrog birefringence tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov sib piv ntawm microscopy.
C. Yas petri tais tsis tuaj yeem siv thaum siv qhov sib txawv cuam tshuam rau lub tshuab ntsuas inverted.
7. Inverted microscope (Invertedmicroscope)
Lub inverted microscope yog tsim rau microscopic soj ntsuam ntawm cov nqaij mos kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv vitro cell kab lis kev cai, plankton, ib puag ncig tiv thaiv, zaub mov soj ntsuam, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv biomedical teb.
Vim muaj cov kev txwv ntawm cov qauv uas tau hais los saum toj no, tso cov khoom yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas hauv lub tais petri (lossis kab lis kev cai lub raj mis) yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ntev ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav inverted thiab lub condenser, thiab cov khoom kuaj xyuas hauv lub tais petri tuaj yeem raug tshuaj xyuas ncaj qha. Kev soj ntsuam microscopic thiab tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub hom phiaj lens, condenser lens thiab lub teeb qhov chaw yog tag nrho cov thim rov qab, yog li nws yog hu ua "inverted microscope".
Vim muaj kev txwv kev ua hauj lwm nyob deb, inverted microscope lub hom phiaj muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 60X. Feem ntau, inverted microscopes rau kev tshawb fawb yog nruab nrog 4X, 10X, 20X, thiab 40X theem sib piv lub hom phiaj, vim inverted microscopes feem ntau yog siv rau cov xim tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab hauv vivo soj ntsuam. Yog tias tus neeg siv muaj kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, lwm yam khoom siv kuj tuaj yeem raug xaiv los ua kom tiav qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov sib txawv, fluorescence thiab yooj yim polarized lub teeb.
Inverted microscopes yog dav siv nyob rau hauv patch clamp, transgenic ICSI thiab lwm yam teb.
8. Digital Microscope
Lub tshuab ntsuas digital yog lub tshuab ntsuas tshuab uas siv lub koob yees duab (piv txwv li, lub hom phiaj lub koob yees duab hauv TV lossis cov khoom siv sib txuas) ua cov khoom tau txais. Lub koob yees duab tau nruab rau ntawm daim duab tiag tiag ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav los hloov lub qhov muag ntawm tib neeg los ua tus txais. Cov cuab yeej optoelectronic hloov cov duab kho qhov muag mus rau hauv cov duab hluav taws xob, thiab tom qab ntawd ua qhov ntsuas qhov loj me thiab suav cov particle. Hom tshuab ntsuas no tuaj yeem siv ua ke nrog lub khoos phis tawj los pab txhawb kev automation ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab kev ua cov ntaub ntawv, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau qee lub sijhawm uas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ntau heev.
2. Kev siv ntau yam optical microscopes
Fluorescence microscopy siv cov fluorescence tawm los ntawm cov qauv los soj ntsuam cov khoom;
Stereo microscopes tuaj yeem siv los soj ntsuam cov duab peb sab ntawm cov khoom;
Lub tshuab tsom iav qhov projection tuaj yeem tsim cov duab ntawm cov khoom mus rau qhov projection screen rau ntau tus neeg saib tib lub sijhawm;
Inverted microscopes rau kab lis kev cai ntawm tes, kab lis kev cai thiab kev tshawb fawb microbial;
Phase contrast microscope yog siv los soj ntsuam cov xim tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab;
Piv txwv li, darkfield microscopy yog siv los soj ntsuam cov kab mob thiab spirochetes. sporty.
