Taw qhia txog kev paub txog polarizing microscopy
Polarization microscope yog ib lub tshuab microscope uas ntxig lub polarizer thiab polarizer rau hauv lub tshuab kho qhov muag ntawm lub tshuab kho qhov muag los tshuaj xyuas cov anisotropy thiab birefringence ntawm cov qauv. Daim iav polarizing thiab daim iav polarizing yog ob qho tib si ua los ntawm polarizing prism los yog Nicol prism ntawm lub phaj polarizing. Lub qub yog ntsia nruab nrab ntawm lub teeb qhov chaw thiab cov qauv, thaum lub tom kawg yog ntsia nruab nrab ntawm lub hom phiaj lens thiab lub contact lens los yog saum toj no lub lens. Hauv cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg, cov nqaij fibers, pob txha, thiab cov hniav pom anisotropy, thaum cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, chromosomes, thiab spindles nthuav tawm birefringence, ua rau lawv siv hauv kev tshawb fawb tshuaj ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Lub teeb ci tuaj yeem siv ib lub teeb wavelength. Vim tias qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm birefringence ntawm cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg piv rau cov khoom siv metallographic, pob zeb, lossis crystalline, lawv cov xim cuam tshuam qee zaum siv los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv thiab rho tawm tshwm sim los ntawm cov phaj rhiab polarization.
1, Ntuj lub teeb thiab polarized teeb
Lub teeb yog ib tug electromagnetic yoj uas belongs rau lub transverse nthwv dej (kev taw qhia ntawm kev co yog perpendicular rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm propagation). Tag nrho cov teeb pom kev tiag tiag, xws li hnub ci, taws tswm ciab, teeb fluorescent, thiab tungsten filament teeb, emit lub teeb uas hu ua lub teeb ntuj. Cov teeb no yog cov lej ntawm cov luminescence ntawm ntau cov atoms thiab molecules. Txawm hais tias cov electromagnetic yoj kev co kev taw qhia tawm los ntawm ib qho atom lossis molecule zoo ib yam ntawm lub sijhawm, kev co kev taw qhia tawm los ntawm txhua lub atom thiab molecule kuj txawv, thiab qhov zaus ntawm qhov kev hloov no yog ceev heev. Yog li ntawd, lub teeb ntuj yog qhov sib npaug ntawm lub teeb tawm los ntawm txhua lub atom lossis molecule, thiab nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws cov electromagnetic yoj vibration nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia yog sib npaug.
Lub teeb ntuj dhau los ntawm qee yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais, thiab tom qab kev xav, refraction, thiab nqus, kev co ntawm electromagnetic tsis muaj kev txwv nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, thaum lub vibration nthwv dej ntawm lwm cov lus qhia tau zoo heev tsis muaj zog los yog tshem tawm. Hom lub teeb no uas vibrates hauv ib qho kev taw qhia yog hu ua lub teeb polarized. Lub dav hlau tsim los ntawm kev co kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb polarized thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub teeb tsis yog hu ua qhov kev co nto.
Linear polarized teeb, ncig lub teeb polarized, thiab elliptical polarized teeb
1. Linear polarized teeb
Linear polarized lub teeb, vim qhov tseeb tias kev co kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv tib lub dav hlau, kuj hu ua dav hlau polarized lub teeb. Thaum pom nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb propagation, kev co kev taw qhia ntawm hom teeb no yog ib txoj kab ncaj nraim, yog li nws tseem hu ua linear polarized lub teeb los yog linearly polarized teeb.
2. Lub teeb ci ib puag ncig thiab lub teeb elliptical polarized
(1) Qhov tshwm sim ntawm birefringence ntawm lub teeb thiab optical axis ntawm crystals
Thaum ib lub teeb ntawm lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv ib qho anisotropic siv lead ua, nws faib ua ob lub rays propagating nyob rau hauv sib txawv cov lus qhia. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua birefringence. Ob lub teeb ntawm lub teeb uas dhau los ntawm birefringence yog lub teeb polarized. Ib qho ntawm ob kab teeb ntawm lub teeb ib txwm ua raws li txoj cai ntawm refraction ntawm lub teeb, thiab kev nthuav tawm ceev tsis hloov thaum hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Lub teeb ntawm lub teeb no yog hu ua ib qho hluav taws xob zoo tib yam, sawv cev los ntawm o; Lwm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb tsis ua raws li txoj cai ntawm refraction. Thaum cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm lub teeb hloov, nws qhov kev nthuav tawm ceev kuj hloov, thiab lub teeb pom kev ntawm lub teeb sib txawv. Lub teeb ntawm lub teeb no hu ua extraordinary light thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm e.
Hauv anisotropic crystals, muaj qee cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb uas birefringence tsis tshwm sim. Ordinary thiab txawv tshaj plaw rays propagate nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj thiab ceev, thiab cov lus qhia no yog hu ua lub optical axis ntawm cov siv lead ua. Ib qho siv lead ua nrog ib qho kev kho qhov muag yog hu ua uniaxial siv lead ua, thiab ib qho siv lead ua nrog ob lub qhov muag pom hu ua biaxial siv lead ua. Rau biaxial crystals, ob kab teeb ntawm lub teeb tom qab birefringence yog lub teeb heev.
(2) Wave chip
Wave plates, abbreviated li yoj daim hlau, tuaj yeem siv los hloov lossis ntsuas qhov polarization ntawm lub teeb. Thaum lub teeb ntuj tshwm sim raws li uniaxial siv lead ua axis, tsis muaj birefringence tshwm sim. Yog hais tias lub o-light thiab e-light generated thaum xwm txheej perpendicular mus rau lub siv lead ua kho qhov muag axis tseem propagate raws tus thawj qhov teeb meem kev taw qhia, tab sis nrog sib txawv propagation speeds thiab refractive indices, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm propagation speeds yog qhov loj tshaj. Yog hais tias ib tug nyias zaj duab xis yog txiav nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia mus rau lub optical axis ntawm ib tug siv lead ua, thiab nto ntawm lub nti yog tiaj tus nrog lub optical axis, lub resulting nti yog hu ua yoj nti. Thaum lub teeb polarized yog xwm txheej perpendicular mus rau optical axis ntawm lub yoj phaj, nws tsim o lub teeb thiab e teeb nrog tib propagation kev taw qhia tab sis txawv propagation speeds nyob rau hauv lub yoj phaj.
