Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ua haujlwm ntawm polarizing microscope
1, Monorefractive thiab birefringence:
Thaum lub teeb dhau los ntawm ib yam khoom, yog tias lub zog thiab txoj kev ntawm lub teeb tsis hloov vim qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teeb pom kev, cov khoom no muaj "isotropy" hauv optics, tseem hu ua ib qho refractor, xws li cov pa roj, kua, thiab amorphous solids. ; Yog hais tias qhov ceev, refractive index, absorption thiab polarization, amplitude, thiab lwm yam ntawm lub teeb dhau los ntawm lwm yam khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm seb cov kev taw qhia ntawm illumination, cov khoom no muaj "anisotropy" nyob rau hauv optics, tseem hu ua ib tug birefringent khoom, xws li muaju, fibers. , lwm.
2, Polarization tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb:
Lub teeb tsis tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub teeb ntuj thiab lub teeb polarized raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv kev co. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev vibration ntawm lub teeb ntuj yog tias muaj ntau qhov chaw vibration ntawm txoj kab ntsug ntawm lub teeb yoj propagation, thiab amplitude faib ntawm kev co ntawm txhua lub dav hlau yog tib yam; Lub teeb ntuj, los ntawm kev xav, refraction, birefringence, thiab nqus, tuaj yeem tsim lub teeb nthwv dej uas vibrate nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, uas yog hu ua "polarized light" lossis "polarized light."
3, tiam thiab cov nyhuv ntawm polarization:
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob polarizing yog cov khoom siv polarizing - polarizer thiab lub ntes. Yav dhau los, ob leeg tau tsim los ntawm Nicola prisms, uas tau ua los ntawm ntuj calcite. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev txwv ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua loj loj, nws nyuaj rau ua tiav cov cheeb tsam loj polarization. Polarization microscopes siv dag polarizers tsis yog Nicol iav. Artificial polarizers yog tsim los ntawm cov muaju ntawm quinoline sulfate, tseem hu ua graphite, thiab muaj cov xim ntsuab ntsuab. Thaum lub teeb zoo tib yam dhau los ntawm nws, nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov teeb pom kev zoo polarized uas vibrates hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim. Lub tshuab tsom iav polarizing muaj ob lub iav polarizing, ib qho yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub teeb ci thiab cov khoom raug kuaj thiab hu ua daim iav polarizing; Lwm lub cuab yeej nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub hom phiaj lens thiab lub qhov muag yog hu ua "polarizing mirror", uas muaj ib tug kov uas txuas mus rau sab nraum lub lens fwj los yog nruab nrab txuas rau kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, thiab muaj lub kaum sab xis tig ntawm nws. Thaum lub teeb tawm los ntawm lub teeb ci dhau los ntawm ob lub polarizers, yog tias cov lus qhia kev vibration ntawm lub polarizer thiab cov polarizer yog sib npaug rau ib leeg, uas yog, nyob rau hauv "parallel polarizer txoj hauj lwm", lub teb ntawm kev pom yog ci dua. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog tias ob qho tib si nyob rau ib leeg, uas yog, nyob rau hauv ib qho orthogonal calibration txoj hauj lwm, lub teb ntawm kev pom yog tag nrho. Yog hais tias ob lub tilted, qhov chaw saib qhia tau hais tias ib tug nruab nrab ntawm brightness. Los ntawm qhov no, nws tuaj yeem pom tias lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm lub teeb pom kev los ntawm daim iav polarizing tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm tag nrho yog tias nws cov kev taw qhia kev vibration yog sib npaug rau cov kev taw qhia kev vibration ntawm daim iav polarizing; Yog tias skewed, tsuas yog ib feem yuav dhau mus; Yog hais tias nws yog ntsug, nws tsis tuaj yeem hla txhua. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv lub tshuab ntsuas polarizing rau kev tshuaj xyuas, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog los xyuas kom meej tias daim iav polarizing thiab daim iav tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas orthogonal.
4, Birefringent lub cev nyob rau hauv orthogonal bias txoj hauj lwm:
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm orthogonality, lub teb ntawm saib yog tsaus. Yog tias cov khoom raug kuaj pom muaj ib qho isotropic ib qho refractor hauv optics, txawm tias lub sijhawm tig li cas, qhov kev pom tseem tsaus. Qhov no yog vim hais tias kev vibration kev taw qhia ntawm linearly polarized lub teeb tsim los ntawm daim iav polarizing tseem tsis hloov thiab perpendicular rau kev co kev taw qhia ntawm daim iav polarizing. Yog hais tias cov khoom raug kuaj muaj cov yam ntxwv birefringence los yog muaj cov khoom uas muaj cov yam ntxwv birefringence, qhov kev pom hauv cheeb tsam nrog cov yam ntxwv birefringence yuav ci dua. Qhov no yog vim hais tias lub teeb linearly polarized emitted los ntawm daim iav polarizing nkag mus rau hauv lub cev birefringent thiab tsim ob hom linearly polarized lub teeb nrog txawv vibration lus qhia. Thaum ob hom teeb no dhau los ntawm daim iav polarizing, vim hais tias lwm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb tsis yog orthogonal mus rau lub polarization kev taw qhia ntawm daim iav polarizing, tib neeg lub qhov muag tuaj yeem pom cov duab ci los ntawm daim iav polarizing. Thaum lub teeb dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv birefringent, cov lus qhia kev vibration ntawm ob hom polarized lub teeb tsim txawv nyob ntawm seb hom khoom.
Thaum lub cev birefringent tig rau theem nyob rau hauv ib qho orthogonal yam, cov duab ntawm lub cev birefringent undergoes plaub kev hloov nyob rau hauv brightness thaum lub sij hawm 360 degree rotation, thiab darkens txhua txhua 90 degree. Txoj hauj lwm dimming yog txoj hauj lwm uas ob txoj kev vibration ntawm lub cev birefringent zoo ib yam nrog cov kev vibration ntawm ob lub polarizers, hu ua "txoj hauj lwm ploj". Thaum cov khoom raug sim tig tig 45 degree los ntawm txoj haujlwm ploj mus, nws dhau los ua qhov ci tshaj plaws, uas yog hu ua "kab pheeb suab txoj haujlwm". Qhov no yog vim hais tias thaum lub teeb polarized ncav cuag cov khoom ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 45 degree, qee lub teeb tuaj yeem decomposed thiab dhau los ntawm polarizer, ua rau nws ci. Raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus saum toj no, polarization microscopy tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab isotropic ib qho refractors, anisotropic birefringents, thiab tshuaj.
5, Kev cuam tshuam xim:
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm orthogonal offset nrhiav kom tau, siv sib tov lub teeb ntawm txawv wavelengths raws li lub teeb qhov chaw los soj ntsuam lub birefringent lub cev, thaum rotating theem, tsis tsuas yog lub brightest kab pheeb ces kaum txoj hauj lwm tshwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm saib, tab sis kuj cov xim yuav pom. Yog vim li cas rau cov tsos ntawm cov xim yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam xim, thiab tau kawg, cov khoom raug kuaj yuav tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov xim yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hom thiab tuab ntawm cov khoom siv birefringent, uas yog vim qhov kev cia siab ntawm qhov sib txuas ncua ntawm lub wavelength ntawm cov xim sib txawv. Yog tias qhov ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov khoom raug sim txawv ntawm qhov ntawd hauv lwm cheeb tsam, cov xim ntawm lub teeb dhau los ntawm daim iav polarizing kuj yuav txawv.
